The Domain Name System is a distributed database that maps names to computers' IP addresses. It's one of the cornerstones of the Internet.
Because it is so important, there are many standard ways of working with it. Some people, for example, may want to cache their DNS results if they have a slow connection to the Internet, or to their DNS server in particular. Linux, for example, provides caching hooks right in the GNU C library. Windows also provides DNS caching.